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UK Government Examples

Ministerial Responsibility

Yvette Cooper’s Defence Of The Prime Minister’s Speech On Cutting Immigration As An Example Of The Importance Of Collective Ministerial Responsibility:

• In May 2025, Starmer said in a speech on his plans to cut immigration that the UK risked becoming an “an island of strangers” without stricter controls.

  • The phrase led some Labour MPs, notably former shadow chancellor John McDonnell, to accuse him of divisive language, as well as comparing his speech to the language of Enoch Powell.

•  In multiple interviews when asked about this, Home Secretary Yvette Cooper has remained staunch in her defence of the Prime Minister, rejecting these claims and maintaining that the plans are positive for the UK.

  • This shows how important collective ministerial responsibility still is as, even in light of such outrage, Cooper stood by what Starmer said, defending and promoting the policies he set out.

Global Politics Examples

The International Monetary Fund

Argentina’s $20 Billion Bailout Package - Example Of The IMF’s Role In Preventing Financial Crises, But Also How It Pushes Countries Towards Neoliberalism :

• In April 2025, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a $20 billion 48-month bailout package for Argentina. This aimed to stabilise the Argentinian economy that was at risk of financial crisis, due to limited foreign currency reserves.

• On the one hand, this can be used as an example of the importance and effectiveness of the IMF in offering vital financial assistance to countries at risk of financial crisis.

  • The financial support prevented a looming crisis by bolstering the country’s foreign exchange reserves.

• On the other hand, it can also be used as an example of how the IMF pushes neoliberal economic policies on countries in difficult financial situations, whilst also pushing them into further debt.

  • The bailout package was provided to Argentina as its President Javier Milei had implemented a strict austerity agenda since becoming President in 2023, despite the fact that this attracted widespread protests from a significant part of the Argentinian population.

• Further, it can also be used as a clear example of how tackling climate change is only a secondary priority of the IMF, as Milei won the Presidency on a platform of climate denial.

The International Court of Justice

Sudan v. UAE - Example Of How The ICJ Has Limited Jurisdiction:

• In March 2025, Sudan filed a case against the UAE at the ICJ, accusing it of violating the Genocide Convention by financially and militarily supporting the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in carrying out human rights abuses in Darfur. 

  • However, the ICJ ruled it couldn’t proceed with the case as the UAE doesn’t accept the jurisdiction of the ICJ to include it in dispute in relation to the Genocide Convention.

• This shows how the ICJ is limited by the fact it can’t rule on cases unless both parties accept its jurisdiction, including the accused state which is unlikely to.

The Nature Of The World Order

Competition In The Arctic - Example Of A Multipolar World Order Leading To Greater Global Instability:

• In 2025 especially, the Arctic has become a key point of geopolitical competition between Arctic states (especially the U.S. and Russia), due to climate change leading to ice caps melting and the potential for a new sea lane that reduced the travel time for goods between Europe and Asia, as well as due to the potential for key natural resource reserves in the Arctic.

  • Trump has spoken both of acquiring Greenland by force and of seeking to make Canada (another key Arctic state) part of the United States.

  • Russia has increased its military presence in the Arctic, including by launching a nuclear-powered submarine in the area.

• Together, this is a good example of how there is increasing multipolar competition for key parts of the world and how the resurgence of Russia and shift away from American hegemony is leading to greater global instability and potential conflict over parts of the world.

US Politics and Government Examples

Republican Party Policy

Trump’s Executive Order On Drug Prices As An Example Of Divergence From Traditional Republican Party Policy:

• In May 2025, Trump signed an executive order directing drug makers to lower the prices of their medicines to align with what other countries pay.

  • The order gave drugmakers price targets in the next 30 days and will take further action to lower those prices if those companies do not make “significant progress” towards these goals.

• Trump told reporters, “Big pharma will either abide by this principle voluntarily or we’ll use the power of the federal government to ensure we are paying the same price as other countries.”

  • In attempting to regulate drug companies, it is clear that significant government intervention is occurring which goes against traditional Republican opposition to big government and their emphasis on free market principles.

  • This shows how Trump’s ‘MAGA’ faction of the Republican Party is different on economic policy to much of the traditional Republican Party, particularly fiscal conservatives.